Mubarak Bala: La lucha por la libertad y los desafíos de un ateo en Nigeria
Un ateo nigeriano, Mubarak Bala, recientemente liberado después de pasar más de cuatro años en prisión por blasfemia, enfrenta una vida llena de incertidumbre mientras reside en una casa segura, protegido por su equipo legal que teme por su seguridad. Bala, de 40 años, fue condenado en un tribunal de la ciudad norteña de Kano después de declararse culpable de 18 cargos relacionados con publicaciones en Facebook que causaron controversia en 2020.
«Siempre he tenido preocupaciones sobre mi seguridad», confesó Bala en una entrevista exclusiva con la BBC mientras disfrutaba de su primera comida como hombre libre. Nigeria, una sociedad profundamente religiosa, no es amable con quienes critican la religión, ya sea el Islam o el cristianismo, ya que estos enfrentan discriminación constante. La blasfemia es considerada un delito bajo la ley islámica (Sharia), vigente junto con las leyes seculares en 12 estados del norte del país, y también es un delito según el código penal de Nigeria.
Un desafío constante por la supervivencia
Bala, quien renunció al Islam en 2014, reveló que durante su encarcelamiento hubo momentos en los que creyó que no saldría con vida. Su preocupación era que los guardias o los demás reclusos pudieran atacarlo en la primera prisión donde estuvo, ubicada en Kano, una ciudad predominantemente musulmana.
«Estoy libre, pero aún enfrento ciertas amenazas», comentó. «Después de todos estos años, los peligros aún están presentes».
De no haber sido por una sentencia reducida emitida por un tribunal de apelaciones el año pasado, que calificó la condena inicial de 24 años como «excesiva», Bala podría haber permanecido mucho más tiempo en prisión.
A pesar de su cansancio visible, Bala se mostró animado al salir de prisión en Abuja, la capital nigeriana, vistiendo una camiseta blanca, pantalones cortos de color caqui y sandalias. Acompañado de su abogado, celebró su recién adquirida libertad con una mezcla de alivio y asombro. «Todo es nuevo para mí», dijo emocionado.
El precio de la crítica religiosa
Mubarak Bala es conocido por ser un crítico audaz de la religión, lo que lo llevó a ser arrestado después de que un grupo de abogados presentara una denuncia ante la policía por sus publicaciones en redes sociales. Antes de ser condenado en 2022, Bala pasó dos años en prisión esperando juicio. Su decisión de declararse culpable sorprendió a muchos, incluyendo a su equipo legal, pero él sostiene que fue la mejor opción para aliviar la presión sobre sus amigos, familiares y abogados.
«Creo que lo que hice salvó mi vida y protegió a las personas de Kano», afirmó. «Especialmente a quienes estaban asociados con mi caso, ya que también los estaban persiguiendo».
La condena de Bala fue ampliamente criticada por organizaciones internacionales de derechos humanos y generó debates sobre la libertad de expresión en Nigeria. Su encarcelamiento también sacudió a las pequeñas comunidades de ateos y humanistas del país, quienes vieron en su liberación un rayo de esperanza, aunque con cautela.
Una libertad incompleta
Leo Igwe, fundador de la Asociación Humanista de Nigeria, expresó sentimientos encontrados tras la liberación de Bala. «Gracias porque está fuera, gracias porque es un hombre libre. Pero no gracias, porque han manchado su imagen como si hubiera cometido un crimen. Para nosotros, en la Asociación Humanista, él no cometió ningún delito».
Para Bala, la libertad significa intentar recuperar el tiempo perdido, incluyendo conocer a su hijo, quien tenía solo seis semanas de nacido cuando lo encarcelaron. A pesar de todo lo que ha pasado, él asegura no tener remordimientos.
«Mi activismo y mis publicaciones en redes sociales siempre supieron que traían riesgos», dijo. «Cuando tomé la decisión de hablar, sabía que podían matarme. Conocía los peligros y aún así decidí hacerlo».
Un caso emblemático para los derechos humanos
El caso de Mubarak Bala resalta los desafíos persistentes para la libertad de expresión y de creencias en una sociedad donde las opiniones disidentes a menudo se enfrentan con severas represalias. Su historia no solo refleja la lucha de los ateos y humanistas en Nigeria, sino también la fragilidad de los derechos humanos en un contexto profundamente influenciado por la religión.
Aunque Bala ahora es libre, su vida sigue bajo amenaza. Sin embargo, su valentía y determinación son un recordatorio de la importancia de luchar por los ideales, incluso frente a riesgos extremos. Su caso continuará siendo un símbolo en la lucha por la libertad de expresión y la protección de los derechos fundamentales en Nigeria y más allá.
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